宪法.英文版




The Magna Carta of Chinese Freedom


—— Constitution of the Federal Republic of China (Draft) ——














Communism is dead, Constitutionalism shall stand!






—— Sovereignty returns to the people, a new contract reshapes the nation ——


Publishing Authority: Executive Committee of the Chinese Free Constitutional Party 
Lead Drafter / Convener: Bian Jingtao 
Place of Publication: Germany / Europe 
Year: 2026

Table of Contents
Preamble to the "Great Charter of Freedom of China"
Chapter I: General Principles and Federal Constitutional Principles
•	Article 1 [State Structure, Sovereignty, and Source of Power Authorization]
•	Article 2 [Official Language and Script]
•	Article 3 [Natural Rights and Human Dignity]
•	Article 4 [Freedom of Speech, Thought, and the Press]
•	Article 5 [Private Property and Free Economic System]
•	Article 6 [Citizenship and Freedom of Movement]
•	Article 7 [Constitutional Supremacy and Hierarchy of Legal Norms]
•	Article 8 [Hierarchy of International Law and the National Policy of Opening-up]
•	Article 9 [Federal Separation of Powers, Local Autonomy, and the Unified Common Market]
•	Article 10 [Fiscal Federalism and Local Taxing Power]
•	Article 11 [Defensive Democracy Mechanism]
Chapter II: State Organs and Checks and Balances
•	Article 12 [Federal Congress and Local Legislative Bodies]
•	Article 13 [Federal President]
•	Article 14 [Nationalization of the Military, Checks on Armed Forces, and Localization of Police]
•	Article 15 [Federal Supreme Court]
•	Article 16 [Common Law System, Dual-Track Jury, and Final Adjudication by National Referendum]
•	Article 17 [Federal Super Digital Hub and Blockchain Foundation]
•	Article 18 [Federal Independent Prosecutor's Office]
•	Article 19 [Federal Central Bank]
•	Article 20 [Congressional Power of Impeachment]
•	Article 21 [Universal Instant Recall Power of Citizens and Normalized Deterrence]
•	Article 22 [Civil Service Neutrality, Asset Disclosure, and the Right to Disobey Illegal Orders]
•	Article 23 [Sunshine Act and Full-Domain Open-Source Oversight]
Chapter III: Finance, Economy, and Social Responsibility
•	Article 24 [Fiscal Discipline, Statutory Budgeting, and Anti-Waste Mechanism]
•	Article 25 [Statutory Taxation, Minimalist Tax System, and Fundamental Rights of Taxpayers]
•	Article 26 [Social Market Economy and Sustainable Welfare System]
•	Article 27 [Anti-Monopoly, Fair Competition, and Prohibition of Cronyism]
•	Article 28 [Freedom of Association, Labor Rights, and Social Autonomy]
•	Article 29 [Academic Independence, Innovation Incentives, and Intellectual Property]
•	Article 30 [Environmental Justice and Intergenerational Rights]
Chapter IV: The Ultimate Guarantees of Citizens
•	Article 31 [Right to Bear Arms and the Right to Resist]
Chapter V: Supplementary Provisions and Constitutional Safeguards
•	Article 32 [Restrictions on States of Emergency]
•	Article 33 [Rigid Constitutional Amendment Procedures]
•	Article 34 [Eternity Clause]
•	Article 35 [Effectiveness, Transition, and Final Ratification]
[Conclusion] Taming Power, Returning Freedom
[Postscript] The Return of Conscience and the Awakening of Natural Property Rights
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Preamble to the "Great Charter of Freedom of China"
The supreme purpose of this Constitution is to strictly limit government power, defend citizens' freedoms, and establish that private property is sacred and inviolable.
It is hereby proclaimed: All governing powers of the government are subject to the entire people; only by relying on the authorization of the people can governance possess legitimacy.
Based on the axiom that "power is an authorization from the bottom up, not a rule from the top down";
We thereby construct the Federal Republic of China, completely ending the centralized system of the past two thousand years;
Thus truly realizing the separation of powers and checks and balances, returning political power to the people,
And laying an indestructible cornerstone of the rule of law for the permanent peace and justice of the Chinese nation.
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Chapter I: General Principles and Federal Constitutional Principles
Article 1 [State Structure, Sovereignty, and Source of Power Authorization]
1.	[Federal State Structure] The Chinese Federation is a federal republic constructed upon bottom-up authorization. National sovereignty belongs to all citizens and does not belong to any political party, group, or individual.
2.	[Logic of Power Source Authorization] The power of the Chinese Federation is not a top-down rule, but a bottom-up authorization. All public power originates from the transfer of citizens' natural rights. Its authorization path follows the principle of layered progression:
o	Municipal and County Autonomy: Citizens directly authorize grassroots governance power to municipal and county governments and councils;
o	Provincial Governance: All people of a province authorize regional legislative and executive powers to the province/state;
o	Federal Republic: All citizens authorize specific and limited powers, such as national defense and foreign affairs, to the Federation.
3.	[Non-subordination and Accountability to the People] The three levels of government—federal, provincial/state, and municipal/county—are all independent political entities.
o	Non-subordination: According to the constitutional division of labor, there is no administrative subordination among them, nor is there any superior-subordinate leadership relationship. The Federation shall not interfere with provincial/state autonomy, and provinces/states shall not interfere with municipal/county autonomy.
o	Accountability to the People: The legitimacy of all levels of government is independently sourced, and all are directly accountable to the people of their respective electoral districts, rather than to a higher-level government.
4.	[Right of Revocation and Abolition] Any regime that deviates from this authorization logic and violates the will of the people shall immediately lose its legitimacy. The people have the right to revoke authorization, abolish the government, or restructure the state in accordance with constitutional procedures.
5.	[Multi-party Competitive Democratic System] Based on the aforementioned authorization logic, the Federation implements a free multi-party competitive democratic system. Political parties are merely vehicles for pooling public opinion and striving for the temporary authorization of the people. Any political party must operate within the constitutional framework, compete for the opportunity to serve through fair elections, and shall not seek permanent rule.
6.	[Strict Prohibition of the Party-State System] It is strictly prohibited for any political party to become part of the state apparatus.
o	Fiscal Independence: State financial appropriations to support any political party are strictly prohibited.
o	Separation of Military and Politics: Political parties are strictly prohibited from interfering in military, judicial, and administrative affairs.
o	Public Use of Public Instruments: State instruments shall not be privately owned by political factions; no political party shall place itself above the state.
7.	[Supremacy of Legal Tradition] As the highest letter of authorization from the people, this Constitution possesses supreme legal effect. The power of no political party, organization, or individual shall supersede the Constitution.
[Legislative Goal]:
•	Severing Vertical Dependence: Completely sever the administrative subordination chains among municipalities/counties, provinces/states, and the Federation. Eliminate the concept of "superiors," ensuring local officials no longer need to pander "upwards," but only need to answer "downwards."
•	Reshaping the Logic of Power: Transform "top-down control" into "contractual authorization," establishing "bottom-up" as the sole source of legitimate power, and completely negating the top-down right to rule.
•	Ending the Party-State System: Strip political parties of their privileges in financial, military, and administrative aspects, restoring political parties to "social groups competing to serve," rather than owners of the state machinery.
[Expected Effect]:
•	Officials "Only Revere the Bottom": Because the Federal President cannot appoint or dismiss mayors, local officials will no longer act according to the central government's whims, but will desperately strive to please the voters in their own districts. "Running to ministries for money" will become "running to the people for votes."
•	Physical Insulation of Dictatorship: Even if an ambitious individual controls the central government, they will be unable to command the police and administrative resources of various provinces and cities, as the two are not subordinate to each other. The dictator will find that their orders do not leave the presidential palace.
•	Benign Local Competition: Each province and city will possess independent legislative power (e.g., tax rates, industrial policies), attracting talent and capital through institutional competition. The stagnant "grand unification" will be replaced by a blossoming "local vitality."
[Legal Analysis]: This provision establishes the three core constitutional principles of the Chinese Federation:
•	Principle of Parallel Sovereignty: The Federation and local entities are not in a "father-son relationship," but rather a "brother/partnership relationship."
o	Unitary State (Old China): The center is the absolute brain, and the localities are the hands and feet. The hands and feet must obey the brain.
o	Federal System (New China): The Federation, provinces/states, and municipalities/counties are all supreme authorities within their respective constitutional jurisdictions. On issues of building roads and schools, a mayor has the same level of authority as the president, and the president has no right to interfere.
•	Axiom of Agency: The citizens are the sole "principals," and all levels of government are independent "agents." Municipal and county governments are directly commissioned by the citizens, without needing to be "subcontracted" through the province or the Federation.
•	Principle of Subsidiarity: The center of gravity of power shifts downward. Whatever a municipality or county can do, the province shall not interfere; whatever a province can do, the Federation shall not intervene. The power of the Federation is strictly limited to the "residual and necessary" scope (such as national defense and diplomacy).
Article 2 [Official Language and Script]
•	Official Languages: The official languages of the Federal Republic of China are Chinese (Mandarin) and English.
•	Legal Effect: Laws, decrees, judgments, and official announcements issued by the federal government, state governments, and judicial organs must possess both Chinese and English versions simultaneously, and both texts hold entirely equal legal effect.
•	Language Rights: Federal citizens have the right to choose to use Chinese or English to communicate with any government agency, receive education, and participate in judicial proceedings, free from discrimination.
[Legislative Goal]: Break language isolation, connect China to the global universal operating system, and establish the constitutional status of bilingual parallelism.
[Expected Effect]: Realize the seamless international docking of the legal and business environment, dramatically reduce the transaction costs of the entire society, and guarantee the equal right of citizens to access global information.
[Legal Analysis]: Endow English and Chinese with equal legal hierarchy, ensuring that government services and the judicial system possess internationally recognized interface capabilities.
Article 3 [Natural Rights and Human Dignity]
Human rights originate from nature; they are inalienable and universal. Human dignity is sacred and inviolable. To respect and protect human dignity is the primary obligation of all public power of the Federation. The hierarchy of human rights supersedes state sovereignty. The Federation establishes a rule of law order centered on the "individual," guaranteeing every individual within its borders the right to a dignified existence, and prohibiting the state from illegally infringing upon individual fundamental rights in the name of any collective interest.
[Legislative Goal]: Establish the supreme constitutional hierarchy of human rights, cementing "human dignity" and the "baseline of existence" as the philosophical pillars of the state's founding and the ultimate criterion for judicial adjudication.
[Expected Effect]: Completely terminate "state-centrism" at the foundational legal logic level, ensuring that citizens are viewed as independent subjects rather than tools of the state.
[Legal Analysis]: Rights are not granted by the government, but are innate. The sole legitimacy for the state's existence lies in the protection of rights. This article clarifies that the state bears a positive obligation to provide a baseline guarantee of existence and to maintain basic human dignity.
Article 4 [Freedom of Speech, Thought, and the Press]
The Federation guarantees citizens the absolute freedom of speech, thought, assembly, association, and religious belief; it guarantees citizens the right to unimpeded access to the international Internet and various digital information channels. The press, publishing, broadcasting, and all types of media enjoy absolute freedom; any form of prior censorship is strictly prohibited. The interviewing rights of journalists and their professional right to confidentiality of information sources are protected.
[Legislative Goal]: Ensure that citizens possess free thought and channels for voicing opinions, and establish the independent supervisory status of the media as the "Fourth Estate."
[Expected Effect]: Permanently dismantle the information firewall, prohibit ideological and press censorship, and leave corruption and tyranny nowhere to hide in the daylight.
[Legal Analysis]: Abolish the "censorship system," meaning the government has no right to approve content prior to information release. Grant independence to the media, enabling it to enjoy the right to report free from administrative interference within the legal framework.
Article 5 [Private Property and Free Economic System]
Private property is sacred and inviolable. The state strictly protects citizens' rights to private property and inheritance in accordance with the law. The state implements a policy of all-around economic opening-up, guaranteeing the free convertibility of currency and the free flow of capital. Domestic enterprises and foreign-invested enterprises enjoy completely equal rights regarding legal status, market access, acquisition of production factors, fiscal and tax support, and participation in government bidding (the principle of competitive neutrality). The Constitution prohibits any form of regression to "public ownership" or a planned economy.
[Legislative Goal]: Establish the constitutional foundation of a free market economy, granting citizens and global investors a long-lasting sense of wealth security.
[Expected Effect]: By privatizing land, prohibiting the restoration of public ownership, and ensuring the free circulation of currency, completely eradicate the government's expropriation of national wealth through economic controls, achieving the seamless integration of China's economy with the global market.
[Legal Analysis]: Abolish public ownership of land and establish private ownership of land. This article establishes the principle of "competitive neutrality," strictly prohibiting discriminatory policies against specific forms of ownership.
Article 6 [Citizenship and Freedom of Movement]
The federal territory includes currently de facto governed areas and affiliated islands. Anyone born within the territory or who legally acquires nationality is a federal citizen. The Federation completely abolishes the household registration (Hukou) system, the urban-rural dual segregation, and regional discrimination. Citizens enjoy full and free rights of movement and residence throughout the entire federal territory.
[Legislative Goal]: Establish the absolute equality of citizen status and eliminate the identity hierarchy system.
[Expected Effect]: Liberate the natural right of labor mobility, achieve fair distribution of resources, and eliminate the urban-rural dual identity chasm that has existed for decades.
[Legal Analysis]: Citizens' right of residence throughout the entire territory is protected by the Constitution; any restrictions on movement imposed through administrative means (such as household registration barriers) are unconstitutional.
Article 7 [Constitutional Supremacy and Hierarchy of Legal Norms]
1.	[Supreme Legal Effect] As the highest covenant of the will of all citizens, this Constitution possesses a sacred and unshakable supreme legal hierarchy. Any laws, provincial/state constitutions, municipal/county regulations, executive orders, judicial rulings, and military directives implemented within the territory of the Chinese Federation must not conflict with the provisions or spirit of this Constitution.
2.	[Principle of Unconstitutional Invalidity] Any legal documents or government actions that conflict with this Constitution, regardless of the level of the enacting body, are legally deemed "Void ab initio" (invalid from the very beginning). No citizen or institution has the obligation to execute unconstitutional directives and has the right to file for a constitutional review lawsuit with the Federal Supreme Court.
3.	[Power Yields to the Law] No political party, organization, religious group, armed force, or individual (including the Federal President and heads at all levels) possesses the privilege to place themselves above the Constitution. All actions of public power must be exercised within the boundaries demarcated by the Constitution.
[Legislative Goal]:
•	Establish "Rule of Law" rather than "Rule by Law": Completely end the thousands-of-years-old tradition of the rule of man where "power is greater than the law" and "governing by red-letter documents." Ensure that the rulers themselves must also submit to the rule of the law.
•	Unify Legal Tradition: While highly decentralizing administration (Article 3), ensure the unity of the national spirit of the rule of law through the Constitution, preventing local legislation from degenerating into "local policies" that infringe upon human rights.
•	Grant Citizens the Right to Disobey: Clarify that "unconstitutional directives are invalid," giving civil servants and military personnel a legal basis to refuse execution when facing unconstitutional orders (such as massacring civilians).
[Expected Effect]:
•	The Constitution is No Longer a Rubber Stamp: It will become a practical weapon for citizens to defend their rights. If a mayor issues an unconstitutional document, a citizen can sue them directly in court, and the judge must rule the document invalid.
•	Eliminate the "Privileged Class": Even if it is the General Secretary of the ruling party or the President, as long as their behavior steps outside the Constitution, they immediately lose legitimacy and face impeachment.
[Legal Analysis]: This article establishes the core of modern rule of law—the "Supremacy of Law."
•	Relative to Article 3: Article 3 resolved "who manages whom" (administrative non-interference); this article resolves "who listens to whom" (universal adherence to the law).
•	Logical Closed Loop: Although local governments are administratively independent, legally they must obey the Constitution. This ensures the perfect balance between the "separation" and "integration" of the state—administration is polycentric, but the standard of justice is unified.
Article 8 [Hierarchy of International Law and the National Policy of Opening-up]
The universal principles of international law and the international treaties legally concluded by the Chinese Federation automatically constitute an integral part of the federal legal system.
The state adheres to the basic national policy of opening up to the outside world and is committed to building an unimpeded international exchange system. Treaties regarding the protection of human rights, territorial integrity, and major national interests approved by the Congress hold legal precedence over ordinary federal laws.
[Legislative Goal]: Ensure state behavior is constrained by the norms of the civilized world, preventing domestic law from regressing into the law of the jungle.
[Expected Effect]: Provide citizens with a dual protection of human rights at international standards, enabling China to rapidly integrate into the global mainstream rule-of-law system, and eliminating legal barriers to international exchange.
[Legal Analysis]: Grant higher hierarchy to international human rights treaties, ensuring the government cannot evade international obligations by enacting malicious domestic laws.
Article 9 [Federal Separation of Powers, Local Autonomy, and the Unified Common Market]
1.	[Limited Authorization and High Autonomy] The Chinese Federation adopts a "limited authorization" constitutional model. The federal government solely possesses jurisdiction over national defense, foreign affairs, the issuance of fiat currency, supreme judicial adjudication, and inter-state (inter-provincial) commerce. All powers not explicitly granted to the federal government in the Constitution are unconditionally reserved to the state (provincial) governments or to the people as a whole. Each state (province) has the right to formulate and implement its own state (provincial) constitution and to implement full universal suffrage for local chief executives and councils, provided they do not violate the fundamental human rights and democratic principles of this Charter.
2.	[Free Factors and Prohibition of Local Protectionism] (The Bottom Line of Economic Unification) While guaranteeing the political autonomy of the states (provinces), it is absolutely prohibited for them to utilize economic privileges to destroy the unified national market. An absolutely unified free common market is implemented within the territory of the Chinese Federation. It is strictly prohibited for any local autonomous government or council to engage in the following actions:
o	Establish any form of inter-provincial tariffs, transit fees, or invisible trade barriers;
o	Formulate discriminatory access thresholds and exclusionary regulations against non-local enterprises, capital, commodities, or migrant workers (including citizens migrating across provinces);
o	Utilize local finances to provide malicious exclusionary subsidies that destroy fair competition nationwide. Any local regulations and administrative orders that fragment the federal economic map and obstruct the absolute free flow of goods and citizens are absolutely void ab initio, and are subject to mandatory revocation and constitutional review by the Federal Supreme Court.
[Legislative Goal]: Politically break the "grand unified centralization" to achieve true checks and balances between central and local powers; economically defend the "absolute grand unification" to completely end the chaos of the "fiefdom economy" under the old system, where provinces drew boundaries and set up barriers against one another.
[Expected Effect]: The miracle of political and economic win-win: Politically, stimulate the innovative vitality of the local grassroots, fundamentally preventing the restoration of dictatorship caused by excessive central power; economically, forge the world's largest, zero-friction single free market with a population of 1.4 billion. Any Chinese enterprise that freely competes and wins within this unified market will naturally possess crushing world-class competitiveness.
[Legal Analysis]: The highest wisdom of federalism is "politics belongs to the locality, the market belongs to the entire federation." The drawback of the old system was that the center controlled politics too rigidly, while localities fought their own battles economically. This provision establishes the autonomy principle of "clear bottom lines": ensuring grassroots affairs are self-determined by locals, realizing true federal governance; simultaneously clarifying "inter-state commerce jurisdiction" as the sword to check local lords, ensuring that capital, technology, and talent can surge absolutely safely and freely across this sacred land.
Article 10 [Fiscal Federalism and Local Taxing Power]
Provincial (state) and local governments possess independent fiscal power and statutory taxing power.
•	Federal Fiscal Power (Limited List): Only has the right to levy corporate income tax, tariffs, inter-state transaction taxes, and specific earmarked taxes required for national defense and foreign affairs.
•	Local Fiscal Power (Residual Power): Except for the federal taxes explicitly listed above, all residual taxing powers (including consumption tax, property tax, resource tax, etc.) and local asset disposal rights are independently owned by each province (state) and locality.
•	Prohibition of Fiscal Coercion: The federal government is strictly prohibited from covertly interfering with the legislative and administrative autonomy of the provinces (states) through the allocation of conditionally attached financial grants.
[Legislative Goal]: Establish the legal foundation that "the purse strings are in the localities," providing a solid economic barrier for the federal system.
[Expected Effect]: Completely eradicate the covert centralization where "the center controls the financial sources, and localities rely on others' breath," giving local governments the confidence to say "no" to unconstitutional directives.
[Legal Analysis]: Financial independence is the prerequisite for autonomy. This article establishes the supreme principle that "residual taxing power belongs to the localities."
Article 11 [Defensive Democracy Mechanism]
Any organization aimed at destroying or overthrowing the free democratic order established by this Constitution through violence or improper means shall be dissolved upon lawful adjudication by the Federal Supreme Court.
[Legislative Goal]: Establish the "self-defense system" of the democratic institution.
[Expected Effect]: Prevent dictatorial opportunists from utilizing the free space of democracy to seize power.
[Legal Analysis]: Ensure that freedom is not used to destroy freedom, safeguarding the long-term stability of the nation's legal tradition.
Chapter II: State Organs and Checks and Balances
Article 12 [Federal Congress and Local Legislative Bodies] (Supreme Legislative Power and Absolute Fiscal Control)
1.	[Bicameral Structure and Division of Labor of the Federal Congress] The supreme federal legislative power is vested exclusively in the Federal Congress of the Chinese Federation, which consists of a House of Representatives and a Senate.
o	The House of Representatives (Representing the Will of the Population): Members are directly elected in proportion to the population of electoral districts nationwide. As the institution closest to grassroots public opinion, it holds the exclusive "right of initiative" for all bills concerning tax collection, the issuance of national debt, and financial appropriations (any law requiring citizens to disburse funds must first be initiated by the House of Representatives).
o	The Senate (Representing the Will of the Provinces/States): Regardless of the population size of a province or state, each province shall elect a fixed number of two Senators, directly elected by the voters of that province. As the institution maintaining federal checks and balances, it holds the exclusive "right of public hearing and confirmation" over cabinet ministers and diplomatic envoys nominated by the President, as well as the final right of ratification for international treaties.
2.	[Core Exclusive Powers of the Congress (Positive List)] The Congress possesses supreme exclusive powers that shall not be delegated to the executive branch:
o	Exclusive Legislative Power: All civil, criminal, and administrative laws at the federal level can only be enacted by the Congress. The President has absolutely no right to substitute laws, create criminal charges, or restrict civil liberties through "Executive Orders" or "internal regulations."
o	Absolute Fiscal Control (The Power of the Purse): Establishes the iron law of "No taxation without representation, no appropriation without legislation." The annual budget, tax rate adjustments, and national debt ceiling of the federal government must be voted on and passed by both chambers of the Congress.
o	Power to Authorize War and States of Emergency: The President has no right to unilaterally declare war or a long-term state of emergency. Without the prior or retrospective (within 48 hours) approval of the Congress by an absolute two-thirds majority, the President shall not mobilize federal armed forces to participate in domestic or foreign armed conflicts, nor suspend any civil rights.
3.	[Rigid Checks and Balances Between the Congress and the President (Tightening the Executive Reins)]
o	Appropriation Paralysis Mechanism: If the President forcefully pushes executive projects that contravene the will of the people, the Congress has the right to enact a "targeted refusal of appropriation" for that specific project within the annual budget bill. Should the President and the Cabinet dare to misappropriate state treasury funds without Congressional approval, it immediately constitutes the "supreme crime of abuse of power," prompting direct intervention by the Independent Prosecutor's Office.
o	Power of Subpoena and Investigation: The standing committees of the Congress possess statutory powers of investigation and subpoena. Any executive official, technocrat, or military general under the President's command must unconditionally submit to public hearing inquiries by the Congress; those who commit perjury shall face federal felony charges.
o	Overriding the Legislative Veto: If the President exercises veto power over a bill passed by the Congress, both chambers of the Congress have the right to hold a revote. If passed by an absolute majority of more than two-thirds in each chamber, the presidential veto is forcibly overridden, and the bill takes effect directly.
4.	[Prohibited Zones of Congressional Power (Negative List)] To prevent the Congress from degrading into a "tyranny of the majority," congressional legislative power is subject to the following absolute restrictions:
o	It is strictly prohibited to enact retroactive laws that deprive individuals of pre-existing rights (Ex Post Facto Laws) or bills that condemn without trial (Bills of Attainder).
o	Defending Central Bank Independence and Digital Transparency: Although the Congress holds the power of taxation and budgeting, it has absolutely no right to order the "Federal Central Bank" to print money to fill fiscal deficits (Prohibition of Fiscal Deficit Monetization). All financial appropriation bills passed by the Congress and the flow of funds must be connected in real-time to the [Federal Super Digital Hub], subjecting them to full-domain open-source auditing by all citizens.
5.	[Provincial/State and Municipal/County Councils (Unicameral Efficiency Principle)]
o	Efficiency Principle: To ensure the efficiency of local administration and substantially reduce the financial burden on taxpayers to support politicians, the local legislative bodies of all provinces (states) and municipalities/counties within the Chinese Federation shall uniformly implement a "unicameral system." It is legally absolutely prohibited for local governments to establish a bicameral system.
o	Local Legislative Power: Local councils are directly elected by the citizens of their respective jurisdictions. They are responsible for formulating their own provincial constitutions (provided they do not contravene the federal Charter) and local laws, and they exercise budget approval and municipal oversight over the head of the government at their respective levels (Governor/Mayor).
[Legislative Goal]:
•	Confiscating the Instruments of Supreme Power: Completely strip the executive system of the totalitarian closed loop of "making its own laws, collecting its own taxes, and spending its own money." Firmly lock the "power of the purse" and the "right to draft laws" in the hands of the Congress, which is generated by direct democratic elections.
•	Constructing a Dual Balance: At the federal level, achieve a balance between "population votes" and "regional equality" through the bicameral system; at the local level, mandate a "unicameral system" to ensure flattened decision-making for livelihood matters such as road construction and education, preventing local politics from falling into endless bickering and internal friction.
[Expected Effect]:
•	Budget Sunlighting and the "Impoverishment" of the President: The President will find that while nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces, if unable to convince the Congress with reason and political achievements, even the fuel costs for the presidential aircraft cannot be approved. This will radically force the President to transform from a "ruler" into an extremely humble "Chief Executive Officer" accountable to the Congress and the voters.
•	Prudence in Decision-Making and Agility for Livelihoods: Federal laws concern the lifeblood of the nation; the mutual tug-of-war in the bicameral system makes it extremely difficult for malicious laws to be enacted (preferring inefficiency over destructive high efficiency). Conversely, the unicameral system of local councils ensures that local regulations on matters like garbage collection and community security are enacted swiftly, maintaining extreme sensitivity to the needs of the common people.
[Legal Analysis]: The House of Representatives' initiative on fiscal bills establishes "no taxation without representation"; while the explicit prohibition of the Congress coercing the Central Bank to print money blocks the backdoor for Congress members to promise "infinite debt-funded welfare" to pander to voters (preventing Argentinization). Concurrently, the checks and balances of the Congress, paired with the "Universal Instant Recall" in Article 21, form a comprehensive anti-dictatorship net: "Conventional measures rely on the Congress choking the budget; extreme measures rely on all citizens pressing the button."
Article 13 [Federal President] (Supreme Executive Power and Boundaries of Power)
1.	[Method of Generation and Locked Term] The Federal President is generated through direct universal suffrage by all citizens on a "one person, one vote" basis. The term is five years, implementing an absolute term limit of a "single lifetime term." Any individual may serve only one term as Federal President in their lifetime; any attempt at re-election, remaining in office, or covertly extending the term through constitutional amendment is automatically deemed treason and unconstitutional, triggering the people's right of resistance.
2.	[Core Powers (Positive List)] As the Head of State and Head of Government, the President's powers are strictly confined to the following federal executive duties:
o	Administrative Leadership Power: Leads the Cabinet, executes laws passed by the Congress, and coordinates the daily operations of the federal government.
o	Diplomatic and Command Power: Represents the Chinese Federation externally and concludes treaties (subject to Congressional approval); acts as the supreme commander of the federal armed forces, responsible for national defense and security.
o	Limited Nomination Power: Possesses the right to nominate cabinet ministers and diplomatic envoys, but all nominations must undergo public hearings in the Senate and be confirmed by a simple majority to take effect.
3.	[Prohibited Zones of Power (Negative List and Stripping of Power)] To prevent executive power from devolving into dictatorship, the President's power is subject to the following absolute prohibitions:
o	Personnel Prohibited Zone: The President is strictly prohibited from nominating, appointing, or interfering with independent constitutional officers directly elected by the citizens, such as Supreme Court Justices, the Federal Attorney General, the Governor of the Central Bank, and the Auditor General.
o	Judicial and Pardon Prohibited Zone: The President has absolutely no right to interfere with any specific judicial trials or criminal investigations. The presidential pardon power is absolutely prohibited from applying to cases prosecuted by the "Federal Independent Prosecutor's Office" involving corruption of public officials, election fraud, abuse of power, and treason, completely closing the backdoor for the President to shield cronies or issue self-pardons.
o	Fiscal Prohibited Zone: The President and the Cabinet have no right to unilaterally allocate state funds, levy new taxes, or incur national debt without Congressional approval.
4.	[Horizontal Checks and Balances]
o	Subject to Legislative Power: Any executive order issued by the President shall not violate existing laws. The Congress has the right to paralyze executive initiatives where the President illicitly expands power through the "refusal of appropriation."
o	Subject to Judicial and Supervisory Power: The President's executive actions are continuously subject to constitutional review (injunctions) by federal courts; the actions of the President personally and the cabinet members are fully exposed to criminal investigations by the Federal Independent Prosecutor's Office, enjoying no privileges of immunity from criminal investigation.
[Legislative Goal]: Establish a modern Chief Executive Officer system characterized by "strong execution, weak privileges, and strict monitoring." Completely terminate the political illusion of a "Grand President" or an "Enlightened Monarch." [Expected Effect]:
•	Ending Electoral Calculations: Through the "single lifetime term," political ambitions are permanently locked, forcing the President to abandon calculations of pandering to interest groups for the next re-election, and compelling a focus on pragmatic work within the five years.
•	Extracting the Toxic Fangs of Dictatorship: Through a clear negative list, the President's dark hand of using the pardon power to shield corrupt officials and the nomination power to plant cronies is thoroughly severed, firmly nailing the President to the position of an "administrative executor." [Legal Analysis]: Although the power of the Federal President directly derives from the direct electoral mandate of 1.4 billion citizens, conferring extremely high democratic legitimacy, this by no means implies "winner takes all." The essence of this provision lies in the "severance of power": It strips the President of control over the "knife" (Independent Prosecutor and Courts) and the "purse" (Central Bank and Congress). The President is merely the helmsman of this giant ship of state, but the blueprints (laws), fuel (budget), and referees (courts) are not under their control. Combined with the "Universal Instant Recall Power" in Article 21, the President will truly become the "First Servant," treading cautiously as if on thin ice.
Article 14 [Nationalization of the Military, Checks on Armed Forces, and Localization of Police]
•	Civilian Control of the Military and Military Neutrality: Federal armed forces must demonstrate absolute loyalty to the Constitution, not to any political party. Military interference in politics is strictly prohibited; active-duty military personnel shall not serve as cabinet members, and the Minister of Defense must be a civilian holding no military rank. The military is strictly prohibited from engaging in any profit-seeking commercial activities.
•	Prohibition of Domestic Troop Deployment (Anti-Domestic Force Principle): The regular federal military is solely responsible for defending against external enemies and providing nuclear deterrence. It is strictly prohibited from executing any policing, "stability maintenance," or suppression tasks within federal territory. Unless there is a foreign invasion or a devastating natural disaster accompanied by a formal request from a state legislature, federal troops shall not enter domestic cities and communities.
•	Localization and Demilitarization of the Police: The centralized police command system is abolished. Municipal/county police chiefs are directly elected by local residents or appointed by elected local governments, accountable only to local laws and voters. Police agencies shall not be equipped with offensive military weapons such as tanks or heavy machine guns, preventing their mutation into a "second army."
•	Dual-Key System and Technical Monitoring: Utilize networks to establish a real-time monitoring system for military supplies across the entire armed forces. The mobilization of any heavy weaponry and the unlocking of fire control must simultaneously obtain dual electronic signature authentication from both a "Presidential Executive Order" and a "Congressional Authorization Code"; otherwise, the system automatically triggers a physical circuit breaker and locks down.
[Legislative Goal]: Impose a dual shackle of "law" and "technology" on the machinery of violence, completely ending the historical curse that "political power grows out of the barrel of a gun." [Expected Effect]: Ensure, through physical isolation (separation of military and police) and technical circuit breakers, that the military can never become the private bodyguard of a dictator. [Legal Analysis]: The military is the outward shield and must never become an inward-facing bayonet. The police are the guardians of the community and must never become the claws of the central government.
Article 15 [Federal Supreme Court] (National Supreme Judicial Adjudication and Constitutional Review Power)
1.	[Method of Generation and Independent Status] Justices of the Federal Supreme Court are generated through direct universal suffrage by all citizens on a "one person, one vote" basis and serve life terms. The judicial system is absolutely detached from and independent of the executive and legislative systems in terms of personnel appointments, financial budgets, and internal administration.
2.	[Core Functions and Boundaries of Adjudication] (Separation of Fact-finding and Law-finding) Exercises the state's supreme regular judicial adjudication power and the final right of constitutional review. Serves as the highest appellate body of the Chinese Federation for civil, criminal, administrative litigation, and constitutional disputes (excluding specific cases that trigger a national referendum). In judicial practice, strictly maintains the Common Law system and the dual-track jury system, establishing the following boundaries of adjudication:
o	Fact-finding (Questions of Fact): The dual-track jury system applies exclusively to criminal proceedings and major civil litigations involving factual disputes. The jury possesses absolute authority over the determination of facts.
o	Law-finding (Questions of Law): The "constitutional review" (constitutional litigation) concerning presidential executive orders, congressional legislation, and conflicts in legal provisions is purely a matter of law-finding, absolutely excluding the application of a jury. Rulings on unconstitutionality are independently made by the Justices of the Federal Supreme Court—who represent the highest mandate of public opinion—and carry final legal binding force.
3.	[Mechanisms of Checks and Balances] (Horizontal Counterbalance Mechanism) The Federal Supreme Court is the ultimate institutional fortress to block the overreach of public power, protect citizens' private property and freedom, and defend the dignity of the Constitution:
o	Checking Executive Power (President and Cabinet): Possesses absolute final appellate jurisdiction over administrative litigation (citizens suing the government). Has the right to issue injunctions against unconstitutional or ultra vires acts by the federal government and all levels of administrative organs, and has the right to directly rule presidential executive orders as "unconstitutional" and mandate their revocation.
o	Checking Legislative Power (Congress): Possesses the ultimate power of constitutional review over congressional legislation. During the trial of specific cases, it has the right to directly rule legal provisions that infringe upon citizens' fundamental rights or violate the spirit of this Charter as "unconstitutional and absolutely void" (i.e., striking down malicious laws), using judicial adjudication to force rigor and restraint upon the legislative body.
o	Checking Prosecutorial Power (Federal Prosecutor's Office): Implements "absolute separation of prosecution and adjudication." The Independent Prosecutor's Office possesses only the power of investigation and indictment; any criminal charges it brings must be subjected to public trial by a court and fact-finding by a jury to result in a conviction, thoroughly preventing prosecutorial power from degenerating into a tool for political persecution.
[Legislative Goal]: Construct an ultimate judicial defense line independent of any executive directives and political factions, using the highest coercive power of the court to lock down the infringement of "public power upon private rights," and serving as the sole and final official defender of the federal Constitution. [Expected Effect]: Break the dependent status of the courts as "subordinate stability-maintenance tools of the government" under the traditional system. Ensure that Justices possess ample legal backing to challenge the chief executive, answering only to the Constitution and public opinion. When facing a national constitutional crisis or regime turbulence, the Supreme Court possesses the final, conclusive power of adjudication. [Legal Analysis]: In the old system, judges were appointed or controlled by the chief executive, inevitably favoring the government in "citizen vs. government" cases. This provision establishes the "originality" of judicial power—the power of the Justices derives directly from the votes of all citizens. This clause not only discards the redundancy of a parallel independent "Constitutional Court" but explicitly demarcates the boundaries of power: "The jury handles facts; the Justices handle unconstitutionality." This parallel democratic authorization and strict division of adjudication ensure that when the court tries high-ranking officials, including the President, it neither oversteps into fact-finding nor suffers any political constraints of "insubordination," forming an indestructible "horizontal checks and balances" iron triangle within the state apparatus.
Article 16 [Common Law System, Dual-Track Jury, and Final Adjudication by National Referendum] (Judicial Sovereignty Resides in the People)
1.	[Abolishing the Bureaucratic Legal System, Comprehensively Establishing Common Law] The Chinese Federation thoroughly abolishes the old civil law system where the right of interpretation was monopolized by a minority of political elites and bureaucrats, comprehensively establishing and strictly executing the Common Law (case law) system. The law is no longer a control instrument promulgated top-down by the ruling class, but a consensus evolved bottom-up from the people's conscience, common sense, customs, and social contracts. Establishes the principle of "Stare Decisis"; established precedents of courts at all levels have strict legal binding force on subsequent similar cases. Cases adjudicated by the highest level of public opinion (national referendum) automatically constitute "super-precedents" with constitutional-level validity; executive organs and courts at all levels must uniformly adhere to them, and no institution may overturn them.
2.	[Dual-Track Jury System] (Trial by Peers and Fact-Finding Power) Establishes the absolute principle that "the power of judicial adjudication belongs to the people." Places full trust in the simple sense of justice and moral common sense of citizens. In criminal proceedings and major civil litigations, the parties possess the absolute right to demand the initiation of the "dual-track jury" procedure:
o	On-Site Jury: Composed of ordinary citizens randomly selected from the court's jurisdiction who are present on-site, responsible for listening to the trial and cross-examining evidence.
o	Online Jury (Anti-Interference Mechanism): Relying on the national digital governance platform, in cases involving local power syndicates, major official corruption, or extreme controversy, the system will conduct a blind, random draw of ordinary citizens from the entire federal domain to form an "online jury." They participate in the trial via encrypted live streaming, providing an independent cross-adjudication free from local threats.
o	The Bottom Line of Rule of Law: The jury is solely responsible for "fact-finding" and the "guilty/not guilty" verdict. The judge acts merely as the maintainer of court procedures and the "sentencer" applying the penal term. The judge has absolutely no right to overturn the jury's verdict on facts and guilt.
3.	[Final Adjudication Power by National Referendum] Establishes the principle that "the ultimate adjudication power of all cases belongs to the entire populace." For cases that trigger massive social controversy, major ethical conflicts, or jurisprudential divergence, after exhausting conventional judicial avenues, citizens may, through statutory online petition procedures, submit the case to the entire populace for a "National Referendum Adjudication." The ruling made by the national referendum serves as the final judgment for that case; no court, government, or individual shall overturn it, and no appeals are permitted.
[Legislative Goal]: Thoroughly shatter the monopoly held by "legal elites" and the "bureaucratic class" over judicial power and the interpretation of law, returning the power of life and death over the law to ordinary people possessing common sense, realizing the true return of judicial sovereignty. [Expected Effect]:
•	Preventing Judicial Dictatorship and Local Underworld Forces: The "dual-track jury" system, combining on-site and online components, ensures that no powerful elite can manipulate a verdict by bribing a single judge or threatening local residents.
•	Resonance Between Law and Public Opinion: Through common law precedents and the final adjudication power by national referendum, ensure that the evolution of every major verdict and every law withstands the test of history and the simple sense of justice of the entire populace. [Legal Analysis]: Judicial power originates from the people. Under statutory law systems, judges can easily devolve into dictators of the law; whereas the combination of the common law system and the dual-track jury demonstrates the new regime's full trust in the wisdom of its citizens. When conventional judicial mechanisms fail or deviate from social justice, the sovereign (the entire populace) has the absolute right to bypass the court and directly exercise the final power of adjudication. This provision declares: In the Chinese Federation, the common sense of the people is the supreme law.
Article 17 [Federal Super Digital Hub and Blockchain Foundation] (Digital Fourth Estate and Full-Stack Anti-Tampering Mechanism)
1.	[Blockchain Foundation and Absolute Neutral Status] Establish the "Federal Super Digital Hub." This hub, serving as the highly intelligent and drastically simplified digital governance operating system of the state, is absolutely independent in terms of personnel and physical architecture. The core governance functions of the hub (especially national election vote counting, recall referendums, and state treasury fund allocations) must be built upon decentralized blockchain and smart contract networks. Any data involving sovereign authorization and resource allocation, once on-chain, is protected by cryptography and possesses absolute immutability.
2.	[Full-Domain Penetration and Reverse Monitoring Mechanism] Establishes the iron law of "full-domain penetration and two-way checks": The hub penetrates downward into the administrative data of all ministries, achieving completely stripped-down transparency of public power; all executive and judicial organs possess a "statutory reverse monitoring right" over the hub, enabling them to retroactively audit the algorithmic neutrality of the hub at any time and apply to freeze its illicit permissions, ensuring the hub does not devolve into technological hegemony.
3.	[Full-Domain Open Source and Real-Time Self-Proof in Operation] (Online Foundation of Trust) The Federal Digital Hub must make its underlying code and vote-counting algorithms 100% open-source to the global technology community, and open read-only "Real-time Verification Interfaces (APIs)." Global citizens and institutions can at any time use scripts to conduct white-box comparisons of the "real-time digital fingerprints (Hashes)" of the running system; any fingerprint mismatch immediately triggers an unconstitutional alert.
4.	[Anti-Shadow System and the Right of Physical Unannounced Inspection] (Offline Ultimate Guarantee of Reality) To thoroughly eradicate any attempts by the government to forge "demonstrative digital sandboxes" while secretly operating "shadow dictatorial systems," this Charter grants civilian entities the "right of penetrative inspection of physical infrastructure." Any legally registered independent technology organization, citizen oversight group, or opposition party representative has the right to submit an "Application for Unannounced Inspection of Physical Server Rooms" to the Supreme Court or the Independent Prosecutor's Office. The inspecting organization has the right to bring its own physical detection equipment to directly enter the core physical data centers of the Federal Digital Hub to conduct on-site, real-time, unannounced physical verifications.
5.	[Internal Whistleblower Amnesty and Global Bounty Accountability System] (The Ultimate Psychological Warfare to Disintegrate Internal Alliances) Establish a "National Digital Anti-Corruption and Error-Correction Bounty Warrant," placing the [Internal Whistleblower Protection and Amnesty Mechanism] at the highest priority:
o	Absolute Internal Amnesty and Massive Reward: Any technical personnel or bureaucrat within the system who, under orders or coercion from higher-ups, participates in writing cheating codes, setting up shadow systems, or concealing real data, provided they proactively submit conclusive evidence (such as source code, secret orders, communication records, or physical vouchers) to the Supreme Court or the Independent Prosecutor's Office prior to exposure, shall not only gain absolute criminal immunity (exemption from all charges of unconstitutionality and treason) and lifelong identity concealment protection, but will also exclusively claim a massive, tax-free statutory national bounty.
o	Global Hacker Crowdsourcing: Any global citizen or white-hat hacker who discovers hub backdoors through peripheral auditing is equally entitled to a massive bounty.
o	Limitless Accountability for Masterminds: Any mastermind official who plans or directs the tampering of systems or the establishment of "shadow networks," once exposed by internal whistleblowers or global mechanisms, shall instantly be stripped of public office. The Independent Prosecutor's Office shall initiate extremely severe criminal prosecution under the charges of "supreme treason" and "subversion of state power," absolutely without the application of any pardon.
[Legislative Goal]: Construct the first state operating system in human history built upon "zero-trust architecture" and "cryptographic consensus." Use open-source code to prevent algorithmic black boxes, use unannounced physical inspections to puncture the matrix illusion, and use the whistleblower mechanism to thoroughly destroy the internal chain of trust of totalitarian conspiracies. [Expected Effect]: Plunge dictators into eternal "chains of suspicion" and "prisoner's dilemmas": Under this mechanism, any President or Minister attempting election fraud will despairingly realize that they must share this destructive secret with several or even dozens of ordinary programmers and server room administrators. These grassroots personnel need only press enter to send a whistleblower email, legally taking tens of millions in bounties to spend a luxurious rest of their lives abroad, while sending the order-giving President to the gallows. Under such extreme temptation of profit and promise of immunity, there is absolutely no trust left within the conspiratorial faction; any system-level conspiracy will be proactively detonated in its embryonic state by their own people!
Article 18 [Federal Independent Prosecutor's Office] (Supreme Legal Oversight and Public Prosecution Power)
1.	[Method of Generation and Independent Status] The Federal Attorney General is generated through direct universal suffrage by all citizens on a "one person, one vote" basis. The Federal Prosecutor's Office operates completely detached from the executive system (Cabinet) and the legislative body in terms of personnel appointments, daily operations, and case jurisdiction, functioning as a parallel independent state organ.
2.	[Core Functions] Exercises independent legal oversight and criminal public prosecution power on behalf of the Chinese Federation. Possesses absolute "investigative immunity penetration power," holding the right to lawfully conduct criminal investigations and indictments for corruption, abuse of power, and other criminal offenses against any holder of public power, including the Federal President, Cabinet Heads, Congress Members, and Supreme Court Justices at all levels.
3.	[Mechanisms of Checks and Balances] (Horizontal Counterbalance Mechanism) The Federal Prosecutor's Office shatters the bureaucratic internal loop of "one's own people investigating one's own people" found in traditional systems:
o	Checking Executive and Legislative Power: By virtue of its independent investigative and prosecutorial powers, it directly curbs rent-seeking and the perversion of the law by the President, Ministers, and Congress Members.
o	Checking Judicial Power: Holds the right to initiate criminal prosecution against judges at all levels suspected of accepting bribes or perverting justice, preventing courts from becoming lawless havens.
o	Self-Restriction: The Federal Prosecutor's Office possesses only "investigative and prosecutorial power," lacking "sentencing power." Any charges it brings must be handed over to an independent court for public trial and adjudication, thereby achieving an absolute balance of power through the "separation of prosecution and adjudication."
Article 19 [Federal Central Bank] (Monetary Independence and Anti-Inflationary Plunder)
1.	[Method of Generation and Independent Status] The Governor of the Federal Central Bank is generated through direct universal suffrage by all citizens on a "one person, one vote" basis. The Central Bank enjoys absolute independence in its institutional operations and the formulation of monetary policy, free from any interference by executive directives.
2.	[Core Functions and Prohibited Zones of Power] Exclusively responsible for issuing the federal fiat currency and maintaining currency value stability. Absolute prohibition of "fiscal deficit monetization" (i.e., it is strictly prohibited for the Central Bank to directly purchase government debt or print money for the government to fill fiscal holes).
3.	[Mechanisms of Checks and Balances] (Financial Defense Line) The Central Bank, acting as the "financial night watchman" defending citizens' private property, checks the government's unrestrained spending and borrowing impulses by severing its "infinite money-printing power." The Governor is authorized by direct popular election and is subject to the universal online recall procedures by all citizens.
Article 20 [Congressional Power of Impeachment]
•	Scope: The Federal Congress possesses the power of impeachment over all federal public officials (including the President, Vice President, elected independent officials, and political appointees).
•	Procedure: Initiated by the House of Representatives, tried by the Senate.
•	Effect: Upon a conviction, the official is immediately removed from public office and handed over to judicial organs to pursue criminal responsibility.
Article 21 [Universal Instant Recall Power of Citizens and "Dual-Track" Adjudication Mechanism]
1.	[Full Coverage of Recall Power and Permanent Window] Citizens' power of recall is the highest political form through which the sovereign reclaims public authorization. All personnel exercising public power within the territory of the Chinese Federation (from the Federal President down to ordinary grassroots civil servants) hold absolutely no political immunity. Relying on the "Federal Super Digital Hub," a statutory "recall voting window" is permanently established under the name of every public official. Recall votes operate on the principle of "permanent accumulation with no time limit," unconditionally subjecting officials to the real-time supervision of voters in their jurisdiction.
2.	[Classification of Recall Targets and "Dual-Track" Mechanism] To balance the absolute stability of the supreme state power with extremely high efficiency in correcting grassroots administrative errors, recall procedures strictly implement a "dual-track" adjudication based on the method of the official's generation and their level of power:
3.	["Single-Stage Rapid Recall" for Ordinary Administrative Officials (Efficiency Track)] An extremely simplified recall procedure is implemented for non-directly elected regular civil servants, appointed executive officials, and grassroots public personnel. When the accumulated recall votes under the name of such a public official absolutely exceed [50% of the total legally registered voters] in their jurisdiction, the recall takes effect instantly and automatically without any cooling-off period or secondary confirmation. The official immediately loses their qualification for public office. This track achieves the elimination of incompetence and corruption in seconds with zero friction and low cost, forcing administrative efficiency.
4.	["Dual-Boundary Recall" for the President and Top Officials Directly Elected by All Citizens (Stability and Circuit-Breaker Track)] For the Federal President and the extremely small number of supreme constitutional officers generated by universal suffrage, their recall procedure implements a strict "two-stage confirmation," supplemented by an "extreme circuit breaker" mechanism that ignores time limits:
o	[Phase One: 50% Routine Warning and 90-Day Cooling-off Period] When the accumulated recall votes under the name of the high official reach [50% of the total legally registered voters] in their jurisdiction, the system immediately issues a "statutory recall warning" and initiates a 90-day (three months) cooling-off period and countdown. During this period, the high official is not directly recalled, granting them an opportunity for error correction and defense, and allowing society to enter a period of rational weighing.
o	[All-Weather Extreme Circuit Breaker Mechanism (Instant Kill Anytime During the Cooling-off Period)] At any point in the accumulation of recall votes—whether before the cooling-off period is triggered, or within any millisecond of the running 90-day cooling-off period—as long as the accumulated recall votes continue to climb and cross the extreme absolute threshold of [2/3 (approx. 66.7%) of the total legally registered voters], the system will immediately trigger a "physical circuit breaker"! The 90-day cooling-off period is instantly forcibly terminated (or bypassed entirely). The recall skips all subsequent procedures and takes effect instantly; at the precise moment of crossing the 2/3 red line, the high official is stripped of all public offices and military command on the spot, and handed directly to the judiciary!
o	[Phase Two: Ultimate Confirmation Vote] If, at the end of the 90-day countdown, the accumulated votes have never touched the 2/3 extreme circuit breaker line, the system will officially launch a "one-week (7 days)" final recall confirmation vote. This vote explicitly sets two mutually exclusive options: [Confirm Recall] and [Support Incumbent]. At this moment, two conditions must be met simultaneously: "The total number of people participating in this vote > 50% of the total legally registered voters" AND "The number of votes cast for [Confirm Recall] > 2/3 of the actual total votes cast," for the recall to be definitively successful. If both conditions are not met simultaneously, the recall fails, and the accumulated votes are cleared to zero and recounted.
5.	[Human Rights Bottom Line and Judicial Stripping Clause] The effect of the recall power is limited strictly to stripping public office (political accountability). It is strictly prohibited to overstep by using the universal recall vote to deprive any individual of their fundamental human rights (such as the right to life, personal liberty, or lawful private property), nor can it absolutely replace statutory judicial trials. If the recalled individual is suspected of unconstitutional acts, corruption, or criminal offenses, they must be handed over to independent judicial organs for trial under common law procedures following the stripping of their public office.
Article 22 [Civil Service Neutrality, Asset Disclosure, and the Right to Disobey Illegal Orders] (Cornerstone of State Administration)
1.	[Selection and Absolute Political Neutrality] Implement a strict "merit system"; regular civil servants must be recruited on merit through fair and transparent unified examinations. All regular civil servants must publicly declare their withdrawal from any political party. During their tenure, it is strictly prohibited for them to participate in partisan activities or campaign for any political party; they must maintain absolute administrative and political neutrality. The primary object of a civil servant's loyalty is the Constitution of the Chinese Federation and all citizens, not any political party or executive chief.
2.	[Sunshine Act: Mandatory Asset Declaration and Public Disclosure] All public officials exercising public power (including the Federal President, elected officials, political appointees, regular civil servants, and judicial personnel), prior to taking office, must comprehensively declare the domestic and foreign assets of themselves and their immediate family members, and during their tenure, must publicly disclose these to the whole of society on a regular annual basis. Anyone who refuses to declare, conceals assets, or possesses assets of unknown origin shall automatically lose their qualification for public office, face criminal pursuit by the Independent Prosecutor's Office, and all concealed assets shall be uniformly confiscated.
3.	[Right to Refuse Illegal Orders and Occupational Safeguards] (Breaking the Banality of Evil) Establish a robust system of civil service occupational safeguards; no civil servant shall be dismissed without cause due to political transitions. When a public official receives an administrative directive that obviously violates the Constitution, infringes upon citizens' fundamental human rights and private property, or lacks due process of law, they possess a statutory "absolute right to refuse execution" (right of disobedience). Public officials must absolutely not be subjected to demotion, dismissal, or any form of retaliation for refusing to execute illegal orders; those who dare to uphold the Constitution and disobey orders are placed under the absolute protection of federal courts.
4.	[Accountability for Blind Obedience and Joint Recovery of Personal Assets] Thoroughly abolish the totalitarian bureaucratic protective umbrella that "executing superiors' orders grants exemption from liability." If a public official blindly executes an unconstitutional or illegal administrative order, resulting in damage to citizens' lives, liberty, or property, the "superior's assignment" shall absolutely not serve as a defense to exempt them from legal responsibility. The superior issuing the order and the subordinate executing the order must jointly bear criminal responsibility. For citizen losses caused by illegal administrative directives, the government shall advance state compensation first; after compensation is completed, the Federal Audit Office and the Independent Prosecutor's Office shall, based on the official's "publicly disclosed asset list," pursue limitless financial recovery against their personal assets, up to the deprivation of all their civil service retirement benefits and personal lawful private property.
Article 23 [Sunshine Act and Full-Domain Open-Source Oversight] (Holographic Transparency of Public Power and Anti-Invisible Monopoly)
1.	[Default Open-Source Government Affairs and Holographic Live Streaming: The Absolute Public Disclosure of Core Mechanisms] Thoroughly abandon the old system's inertia of "backroom politics" and the concealment of "passively awaiting investigation," establishing the principle of "default open-source and holographic transparency" in the operation of public power.
o	Live Streaming of Decision-Making Processes and Permanent Archiving: All administrative decision-making meetings, public hearings, bidding reviews, and legislative debates of the federal and all levels of local governments must, without exception, implement 4K ultra-high-definition real-time network live streaming. Relevant audio-video data and text records serve as statutory state archives, permanently residing on the public network for any citizen to retrospectively access at any time.
o	Machine Readability and Automatic AI Auditing: Except for the legally defined, extremely rare supreme national defense secrets, the administrative routing, fiscal revenues and expenditures, and underlying algorithms of all levels of government must be proactively and in real-time disclosed. The Federal Digital Hub must provide standardized open data interfaces (Open APIs), unconditionally allowing global citizens and third-party artificial intelligence programs to connect in real-time to conduct round-the-clock compliance reviews and computational monitoring.
2.	[Real-Time Public-Chaining of Officials' Finances and the Principle of "Off-Book Implies Corruption"] (The Ultimate Asset Sunshine Act) Thoroughly abolish the lagging and easily forged "periodic asset declaration system," implementing the absolute surrender of financial privacy rights by public officials. Anyone exercising the public power of the Chinese Federation must, on their first day of induction, sign the statutory Covenant of Absolute Financial Transparency for Public Officials.
o	Real-Time Public Chain Monitoring: All domestic and foreign bank accounts, cryptocurrency wallets, and financial assets of public officials and their immediate family members must be compulsorily connected to a dedicated official asset disclosure blockchain branch of the "Federal Super Digital Hub." All of their capital flows and balances must be subjected to a 24-hour real-time, immutable open-source display to all citizens.
o	Concealment is the Original Sin: Establishes the absolute presumption principle that "off-the-books equates to corruption." Any hidden account, off-book income, or asset held by proxy that is not connected to this public network, once discovered by citizens, AI audits, or international anti-money laundering networks, is instantly and automatically ruled by law as illicit corruption proceeds, without needing to prove the source of the funds. The public official immediately loses their qualification for public office, the concealed assets are forcefully confiscated without any bottom line, and the Independent Prosecutor's Office shall initiate public prosecution under the highest level of corruption and treason charges.
3.	[Standardization of Civil Service Work and Plug-in Replacement Mechanism] (Breaking Procedural Monopolies) To thoroughly shatter the invisible monopoly of regular civil servants (technocrats and secretarial bureaucrats) over specific administrative processes, implement the strict principle of "absolute standardization of administrative processes."
o	Process Open Source and AI Verification: Internal government approval routing and technical maintenance must formulate rigorous "Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)," and their daily operational trajectories must be fully connected to the hub subject to AI monitoring.
o	Principle of Plug-in Replacement: Resolutely block any attempts to mystify public power procedures. Citizens possessing professional skills can achieve seamless transitions into positions relying on open manuals. The resignation or disobedience of any bureaucrat must absolutely not cause the state machinery to halt; the elected government has the right to swiftly and simply replace any violating civil servant who attempts to use "professional irreplaceability" as a threat.
Chapter III: Finance, Economy, and Social Responsibility
Article 24 [Fiscal Discipline, Statutory Budgeting, and Anti-Waste Mechanism]
•	Zero-Based Budgeting and Performance Review: Implement a zero-based budgeting system; the necessity of every expenditure must be re-justified. Establish an independent budget performance review institution; funds failing to meet performance targets shall be uniformly reduced.
•	Principle of Fiscal Balance: The federal government must pursue a balanced budget. Except for states of emergency such as war or major disasters, the deficit ceiling shall not exceed the statutory proportion of GDP; it is strictly prohibited to finance fiscal deficits through currency over-issuance.
•	Return of Funds: Budgeted funds not expended on schedule shall automatically be returned to the state treasury without exception; "rush spending at year-end" is strictly prohibited. If the deviation between budget execution and declaration is too large, it shall be deemed a dereliction of budgetary duty, and the department head shall be held accountable.
[Legislative Goal]: Shatter the inertia of budget inflation and establish rigid fiscal discipline. [Expected Effect]: Force the government to calculate meticulously, prevent the nation from falling into a debt crisis, and protect the wealth of taxpayers. [Legal Analysis]: Fiscal health is the economic foundation for the nation's long-term stability and peace.
Article 25 [Statutory Taxation, Minimalist Tax System, and Fundamental Rights of Taxpayers]
1.	[Absolute Statutory Taxation and Prohibition of Revenue Generation] The establishment of all new taxes and the adjustment of tax rates must be enacted by law by elected councils at all levels (no taxation without representation). Administrative organs are strictly prohibited from arbitrarily adding any form of taxes and fees through administrative regulations. It is strictly prohibited to link administrative fines with the funding of law enforcement departments, thoroughly abolishing the malicious policy of "generating revenue through fines."
2.	[Minimalist Tax System and Macro Tax Burden Ceiling] The state implements a minimalist low-tax system, abolishing all hidden and oppressive miscellaneous taxes. To prevent the unbridled extraction of private wealth by public power, the federal constitution compulsorily sets a "macro tax burden ceiling" (the maximum statutory proportion of total national tax revenue to the gross domestic product).
3.	[Asymmetrical Burden of Proof and Absolute Protection of Assets] Establishes the "asymmetrical legal principle" protecting taxpayers: In any tax and administrative disputes, citizens and private enterprises enjoy the absolute right of "presumption of innocence"; the burden of proof rests entirely upon the accusing official body. Without a public adjudication by an independent court and the issuance of a statutory warrant, absolutely no administrative or tax organ has the right to seal, deduct, or freeze the bank accounts and private assets of citizens and enterprises.
Article 26 [Social Market Economy and Sustainable Welfare System]
•	Baseline Survival Guarantee: The state is obligated to establish a social safety net covering all citizens (including medical care, pensions, and unemployment relief), ensuring every citizen enjoys a basic living standard consistent with human dignity.
•	Workfare Principle: The design of the welfare system must balance fairness and efficiency. It is strictly prohibited to implement unsustainable policies that lead to "welfare dependency" or "raising idlers." Except for those who have lost their ability to work, the receipt of long-term relief funds must be conditioned upon vocational training or community service obligations.
•	Intergenerational Equity: Pension and social insurance systems must adhere to the principle of actuarial balance; it is prohibited to fulfill current welfare promises by overdrawing the wealth of future generations.
[Legislative Goal]: Construct a social system that possesses both warmth and competitiveness. [Expected Effect]: Citizens have a baseline of support during difficulties, while the society maintains vigorous labor enthusiasm and innovative vitality. [Legal Analysis]: The state must not only care for the weak but more importantly incentivize the strong, avoiding falling into the "welfare trap."
Article 27 [Anti-Monopoly, Fair Competition, and Prohibition of Cronyism]
•	Fair Competition Review: Establish an independent Fair Trade Commission. Before any government policy is introduced, it must undergo a fair competition review to prevent administrative power from distorting the market.
•	Dismantling Monopolies: The state has the right to legally dismantle super-monopoly organizations that abuse their dominant market position, regardless of their capital background.
•	Prohibition of Crony Capitalism: It is strictly prohibited for the government to support specific enterprises or form political-business interest groups through franchises, targeted subsidies, or credit inclination. Administrative actions violating this article are void, and related profits must be fully recovered.
[Legislative Goal]: Ensure that market opportunities are fair to ordinary people and prevent the powerful elite from monopolizing the economic lifeblood. [Expected Effect]: Sever the chain of trading power for money and protect the survival space of small and medium-sized enterprises and innovators. [Legal Analysis]: The core of a free market is "fairness of rules," not "equality of outcomes."
Article 28 [Freedom of Association, Labor Rights, and Social Autonomy]
•	Right to Independent Unions: Workers possess the right to freely form and join independent labor unions and conduct collective bargaining. The government and capital are strictly prohibited from interfering in internal union elections and operations; the establishment of officially monopolized union organizations is strictly prohibited.
•	Social Autonomy: The state encourages non-governmental organizations and industry associations to play autonomous roles in fields such as education, charity, and environmental protection, constructing a governance pattern of "small government, big society."
[Legislative Goal]: Cultivate strong non-governmental checking forces and alleviate the wealth gap through market-oriented negotiations. [Expected Effect]: Empower workers with organized bargaining power and prevent the individual from being isolated by capital or power. [Legal Analysis]: Independent social organizations are the shock absorbers and stabilizers for the smooth operation of a democratic system.
Article 29 [Academic Independence, Innovation Incentives, and Intellectual Property]
•	Academic Freedom: Universities and scientific research institutions enjoy complete autonomy. Teaching, scientific research, and artistic creation enjoy absolute freedom, free from any political, religious, or ideological censorship and interference.
•	Innovation Incentives: The state establishes a strict intellectual property protection system, treating the infringement of intellectual property as the theft of private property. It guarantees that intellectual innovation achievements can be transformed into legally protected, legitimate wealth.
[Legislative Goal]: Establish that "truth reigns supreme" and liberate national creativity. [Expected Effect]: Completely separate education and scientific research from political propaganda; academic freedom is the source of the nation's technological progress and civilizational development. [Legal Analysis]: Truth tolerates no political censorship, and wisdom must be translatable into wealth.
Article 30 [Environmental Justice and Intergenerational Rights]
•	Principle of Intergenerational Justice: When formulating economic development policies, the state must consider the impact on the living environment of future generations. It is strictly prohibited to exchange short-term GDP growth at the expense of the ecological environment.
•	Right to Constitutional Litigation: Grants environmental organizations and citizens the right to file constitutional litigation (public interest litigation) regarding environmental destruction acts. Environmental destroyers, in addition to bearing economic compensation, must also bear lifelong criminal responsibility.
[Legislative Goal]: Achieve the long-term sustainability of resources and the environment. [Expected Effect]: Prevent short-term political vanity projects from destroying the permanent home of future generations. [Legal Analysis]: Environmental rights are an extension of the right to life, belonging not only to the present but even more to the future.
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Chapter IV: The Ultimate Guarantees of Citizens
Article 31 [Right to Bear Arms and the Right to Resist] Citizens possess the right to legally own and bear firearms. When the government implements tyranny and legal avenues for correction completely fail, citizens possess the natural right to exercise the right to resist in order to overthrow the tyranny.
[Legislative Goal]: Establish the physical balance between public power and private rights. [Expected Effect]: An armed citizenry serves as the ultimate deterrence against potential dictators and the final guardian of freedom. [Legal Analysis]: This is the Constitution's "ultimate physical circuit breaker," ensuring that power never dares to slight the sovereign.
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Chapter V: Supplementary Provisions and Constitutional Safeguards
Article 32 [Restrictions on States of Emergency] National states of emergency are strictly limited to foreign invasions or devastating disasters. During a state of emergency, it is strictly prohibited to suspend the freedom of speech, and it is strictly prohibited to halt the operation of the recall voting system. [Legislative Goal]: Prevent ambitious careerists from using crises to usurp power; crises cannot serve as a pretext for suspending democracy.
Article 33 [Rigid Constitutional Amendment Procedures] Constitutional amendments must be proposed by a 2/3 passing vote in each chamber, and approved by more than 2/3 in a national referendum. [Legislative Goal]: Maintain the stability and sanctity of the Constitution.
Article 34 [Eternity Clause] Articles 1, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21, 31, and 32 of this Constitution shall permanently not be amended or abolished. [Legislative Goal]: Set up a "permanent firewall" for the core values of human civilization, forever severing the path to autocracy. (Note: It is confirmed that core clauses such as "Nationalization of the Military (Article 14)", "Final Adjudication by National Referendum (Article 16)", and "Right to Bear Arms and Resist (Article 31)" are included.)
Article 35 [Effectiveness, Transition, and Final Ratification]
1.	[Provisional Effectiveness]: This Constitution takes effect immediately upon publication as the "Provisional Constitution" of the Chinese Federation.
o	Bound Subjects: All citizens and organizations that voluntarily join the Chinese Federation, participate in voting, hold federal digital identities, or participate in the nation-building fund are bound by this Constitution.
o	Government Obligations: The government-in-exile of the Chinese Federation and any future provisional government must strictly exercise their powers in accordance with this Constitution and shall not overstep them.
2.	[Final Ratification by National Referendum]: Within one year after the end of the CCP regime and the stabilization of the national situation, the federal provisional government must initiate a national referendum.
o	If this Constitution is approved by more than half of the citizens' votes, it automatically transitions into the formal Constitution of the Chinese Federation.
o	If not approved, a constitutional convention must be convened to revise it based on the referendum results until it is passed.
3.	[Transition of Interpretation Power]: Before the formation of the democratically elected Constitutional Court is completed, the final interpretation power of this Constitution resides with the Constitutional Drafting Committee of the Chinese Liberal Constitutional Party. Once the Federal Supreme Court is established, the interpretation power shall be transferred immediately. [Legislative Goal]: Establish the rule-of-law continuity of the transition, ensuring no legal vacuum occurs.
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[Conclusion] Taming Power, Returning Freedom
The long river of history surges forward unceasingly and mightily. The iron law of civilizational evolution has long revealed: autocracy is a barbaric remnant of humanity's childhood, whereas constitutional democracy is the only shore leading to a mature civilization. This is an irreversible historical torrent; any dictatorial fortress attempting to block it will ultimately be crushed by the giant wheels of the era.
History has proven a cruel truth with countless blood and tears: no matter how noble a "saint" or "enlightened monarch" is, once seated on the unchecked throne of dictatorship, they will inevitably degenerate into a tyrant. Absolute power corrupts absolutely; this is the iron law of human nature, from which no one can escape. Therefore, we must use the strictest net of institutions to cage power in an iron cage, so that bad people dare not do evil even if in power, and careerists cannot become dictators even if they ascend to the top.
We completely sever legislative, judicial, and executive powers and sacredly return them to their original masters—the people. We choose to believe that the common sense and conscience of the masses are always higher than the "brilliance" and "morality" of the rulers. Because the lessons of thousands of years tell us: the collective wisdom of hundreds of millions of free citizens is the last line of defense to prevent the country from falling into disaster.
When the magic ring of power is shattered by the system, when the sunlight of constitutionalism penetrates the iron curtain, a free China that no longer kneels to imperial power and only reveres the law will surely be reborn from the ashes on this ancient land.
Long live freedom! Long live the people! Long live constitutional China!
[Document Signing and Publication] 
Drafting Institution: The Chinese Liberal Constitutional Party · Executive Committee 
Drafter: Bian Jingtao 
Publication Date: 2026 
Place of Issue: Europe · Germany
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[Postscript]: The Return of Conscience and the Awakening of Natural Property Rights
This is a covenant about "trust" For two thousand years, the governing logic of the East has always been built upon an extreme distrust of "ordinary people." They claimed: the populace is ignorant and blind, therefore they need saints to guide them, elites to herd them, and saviors to rescue them. This arrogance, named "elite governance" but in reality "power monopoly," is exactly the root cause of the endless cycle of dictatorial systems.
This outline completely discards this obsolete prejudice. We choose to believe in the "conscience of the masses." We believe that when 1.4 billion independent consciences are released from fear and poverty, when hundreds of millions of pairs of eyes connect with each other in the sunlight, this "synthesized conscience" will be far more just than any genius's brain, and far more sacred than any illusory god. Politics should not be a power game for the minority, but the common denominator of all citizens' consciences.
This is a return of "assets" We firmly believe in the core of universal values: all men are created equal. This equality should not only remain a right on paper but should be reflected in genuine dignity.
Land, minerals, and natural resources—these gifts from nature are not the private property of any political party, nor the charity of any government. They are the natural, automatic, and inalienable inheritance of every Chinese citizen.
•	Natural Property Rights: Every life, at the moment of stepping onto this land, should automatically receive their rightful share of national wealth.
•	The Bottom Line of Dignity: Through the dividends of the "Universal Wealth Fund," we ensure that every citizen possesses a baseline guarantee free from hunger and subservience.
Only when people are no longer forced to bow to power for survival can their conscience truly become independent. What we provide are not subsidies, but "admission tickets to freedom."
This is an evolution concerning the "future" In tomorrow's era of artificial intelligence and high automation, humanity is stepping into a "post-work era." When tedious administration is hard-coded into code, when the black box of corruption is illuminated by transparency, the government will return to its essence—a depersonalized social property management.
Our design aims to force elites to return to real industry and science. Let the smartest people explore the universe and the boundaries of the unknown, while letting the government operate autonomously under the rotation and oversight of the conscience of ordinary people.
We no longer need saviors, because we have already found each other. We no longer look up to altars, we only guard the rules. When every "I" becomes an independent and free drop of water in the world, what converges will be a truly civilized Chinese Sea, never seen before.